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Représentations du monde et de la société
Axe culturel 1 — Identités et échanges : comment les artistes, médias et individus construisent-ils leur vision du monde ?
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Les 36 questions du QCM en version texte
Pour réviser sans écran ou imprimer : chaque question avec ses propositions ; la bonne réponse et son explication se déplient.
Niveau facile — 12 questions
What does the verb 'to portray' mean?
- A. To destroy
- B. To represent or depict someone in a particular way
- C. To ignore
- D. To publish
Réponse
B. To represent or depict someone in a particular way — 'To portray' means to represent or show someone or something in a particular way, often in art, literature or media.
A stereotype is best defined as:
- A. A factual description of a person
- B. An oversimplified, fixed image of a group
- C. A neutral scientific observation
- D. A detailed personal portrait
Réponse
B. An oversimplified, fixed image of a group — Stereotypes are generalised representations that reduce the complexity of individuals to fixed group images.
What is 'media framing'?
- A. The physical frame around a newspaper
- B. The way a story is selected, presented and emphasised
- C. The number of articles published per day
- D. The cost of advertising in a newspaper
Réponse
B. The way a story is selected, presented and emphasised — Framing refers to the editorial choices that shape how audiences perceive an event.
Which of these is an example of 'othering'?
- A. Celebrating a culture's achievements
- B. Representing a group as strange, threatening or inferior
- C. Interviewing members of a community
- D. Publishing a biography of a minority artist
Réponse
B. Representing a group as strange, threatening or inferior — 'Othering' is the process by which a group is marginalised by being represented as fundamentally different and lesser.
George Orwell's 1984 explores:
- A. The beauty of nature in England
- B. How a totalitarian regime controls representations of reality
- C. The joys of rural farming life
- D. A love story during World War II
Réponse
B. How a totalitarian regime controls representations of reality — 1984 depicts a dystopia where the state controls language, history and images to maintain power.
Which word means 'a systematic tendency to favour one group over another'?
- A. Stereotype
- B. Cliché
- C. Bias
- D. Framing
Réponse
C. Bias — Bias is a predisposition or prejudice that influences how information is selected and presented.
What does 'to challenge a stereotype' mean?
- A. To support and reinforce it
- B. To question or subvert it
- C. To create a new stereotype
- D. To ignore it
Réponse
B. To question or subvert it — Challenging a stereotype means actively questioning or breaking down the oversimplified image.
Pop art (e.g. Andy Warhol) is associated with:
- A. Celebrating rural landscapes
- B. Critiquing consumer society and media icons
- C. Promoting religious values
- D. Documenting scientific discoveries
Réponse
B. Critiquing consumer society and media icons — Pop art used mass-media imagery to comment on, and often satirise, consumer culture.
The passive voice 'Women are portrayed as...' emphasises:
- A. The agent doing the action
- B. What is being represented and the passive role of the group
- C. The time of the action
- D. The location of the representation
Réponse
B. What is being represented and the passive role of the group — The passive shifts focus from who is acting to what is happening to the subject, highlighting the imposition of a representation.
What is an 'unreliable narrator'?
- A. A narrator who speaks very quietly
- B. A narrator whose account cannot be fully trusted
- C. A narrator who tells the story from multiple viewpoints
- D. A narrator who uses formal language
Réponse
B. A narrator whose account cannot be fully trusted — An unreliable narrator's credibility is compromised, inviting readers to question the representation of events.
Which of these is NOT a type of artistic representation discussed in the course?
- A. Street art
- B. Propaganda
- C. Realism
- D. Impressionism
Réponse
D. Impressionism — Impressionism (focus on light and sensory impression) is not specifically discussed in the course's approach to social representations.
What does 'to convey a message' mean?
- A. To hide a message
- B. To transmit or communicate a message
- C. To destroy a message
- D. To ignore a message
Réponse
B. To transmit or communicate a message — 'To convey' means to communicate or make known an idea or feeling.
Niveau moyen — 12 questions
In the sentence 'The author seems to suggest that immigration is a problem', which technique is being used?
- A. Direct statement
- B. Hedging with a modal expression
- C. Quotation
- D. Passive voice
Réponse
B. Hedging with a modal expression — 'Seems to suggest' is a hedging expression using a modal verb to show uncertainty or to soften an interpretation.
Why might a newspaper choose the word 'migrant' rather than 'refugee'?
- A. Because they mean exactly the same thing
- B. Because 'refugee' is a more technical legal term
- C. Because 'migrant' carries fewer legal obligations and may frame the person as an economic threat
- D. Because 'migrant' is more respectful
Réponse
C. Because 'migrant' carries fewer legal obligations and may frame the person as an economic threat — 'Refugee' implies legal protection under international law, while 'migrant' is more neutral but can be used to frame people as economic actors rather than victims of persecution.
What does the sentence 'While X challenges stereotypes, it still reproduces some clichés' do?
- A. It makes a simple statement
- B. It introduces a concession followed by a contradiction
- C. It supports a single argument
- D. It avoids taking a position
Réponse
B. It introduces a concession followed by a contradiction — The structure 'while X..., Y...' introduces a concession (acknowledging a positive point) before presenting a counter-argument.
Banksy's street art can be described as:
- A. Propaganda for a political party
- B. Subversive art that challenges dominant representations
- C. An example of postcolonial literature
- D. A form of commercial advertising
Réponse
B. Subversive art that challenges dominant representations — Banksy uses public space and irony to critique power, consumerism and social inequalities.
Which sentence best uses the CARS method to begin an analysis?
- A. This picture is very interesting.
- B. This 2023 photograph from The Guardian depicts migrants at a border fence, suggesting...
- C. I think this shows that life is hard.
- D. The image was taken by someone.
Réponse
B. This 2023 photograph from The Guardian depicts migrants at a border fence, suggesting... — The best opening identifies the document type, source, date and content, then moves to interpretation.
'Femvertising' refers to:
- A. Advertising exclusively targeting men
- B. Marketing that adopts feminist messages to promote a brand
- C. A type of fashion magazine
- D. Government campaigns on gender equality
Réponse
B. Marketing that adopts feminist messages to promote a brand — Femvertising is a marketing strategy that uses feminist discourse — often superficially — to appeal to female consumers.
The phrase 'arguably, this reinforces...' is useful in an essay because:
- A. It makes the argument absolute and certain
- B. It allows the writer to make a claim while acknowledging it is debatable
- C. It means the writer disagrees
- D. It introduces a quotation
Réponse
B. It allows the writer to make a claim while acknowledging it is debatable — 'Arguably' signals that the statement is one possible interpretation, which is more nuanced and academically appropriate.
An 'insider view' in the context of representations refers to:
- A. A view from inside a building
- B. The perspective of the group being represented
- C. The view of a neutral observer
- D. An objective scientific account
Réponse
B. The perspective of the group being represented — The insider view is the perspective of those who belong to the group being represented, as opposed to the outsider's gaze.
What is the main claim of postcolonial literature?
- A. That colonial empires were beneficial
- B. That history should be rewritten from the perspective of the colonised
- C. That all cultures are identical
- D. That literature should avoid politics
Réponse
B. That history should be rewritten from the perspective of the colonised — Postcolonial literature challenges Western-centred narratives and gives voice to those whose perspectives were historically silenced.
In the sentence 'Minorities are underrepresented in mainstream media', what is the effect of the passive voice?
- A. It shows that minorities chose to be absent
- B. It highlights the structural nature of the problem without naming a specific responsible agent
- C. It suggests the situation is improving
- D. It praises mainstream media
Réponse
B. It highlights the structural nature of the problem without naming a specific responsible agent — The passive voice removes the agent, which suggests that underrepresentation is a systemic, structural issue rather than one individual's fault.
How did the self-destruction of Banksy's painting at auction add to its meaning?
- A. It showed that the painting was poorly made
- B. It critiqued the commodification of art and the absurdity of the art market
- C. It was a technical accident with no artistic intention
- D. It proved that street art cannot be sold
Réponse
B. It critiqued the commodification of art and the absurdity of the art market — The self-destruction was a planned act: by destroying the artwork at the moment of its highest commercial valuation, Banksy questioned the relationship between art, value and the market.
Which of these reporting verbs is the STRONGEST (most certain)?
- A. might suggest
- B. seems to imply
- C. argues
- D. could be interpreted as
Réponse
C. argues — 'Argues' is a direct, strong reporting verb, whereas the others introduce doubt or softening through modals.
Niveau difficile — 12 questions
What is the key difference between a 'stereotype' and a 'prejudice'?
- A. They are synonyms
- B. A stereotype is a simplified image; a prejudice is a pre-formed negative judgement acted upon
- C. A prejudice is always positive; a stereotype is always negative
- D. Prejudices are based on facts; stereotypes are not
Réponse
B. A stereotype is a simplified image; a prejudice is a pre-formed negative judgement acted upon — A stereotype is a cognitive representation; a prejudice is an attitude (often negative) that can lead to discriminatory behaviour.
Which concept best explains why algorithms on social media might reinforce existing biases?
- A. Media framing
- B. Filter bubbles
- C. Othering
- D. Passive voice
Réponse
B. Filter bubbles — Filter bubbles occur when algorithms show users content similar to what they already engage with, reducing exposure to diverse perspectives.
Dr Stacy Smith's claim that 'visibility without power is just decoration' implies:
- A. Diverse actors are not talented enough
- B. On-screen representation is meaningless without structural power in the industry
- C. Visual art is more important than written representation
- D. Film quotas are the best solution
Réponse
B. On-screen representation is meaningless without structural power in the industry — The quote argues that true representation requires not just being seen, but having agency over how stories are told.
In literary studies, what is the difference between the author's and the narrator's point of view?
- A. They are always identical
- B. The author creates the text; the narrator exists within the text and may express views different from the author's
- C. The narrator is always more reliable than the author
- D. The author only writes; the narrator only speaks
Réponse
B. The author creates the text; the narrator exists within the text and may express views different from the author's — Authors may use narrators (including unreliable ones) as literary devices to explore multiple perspectives or to ironise.
The Kerner Report (1968) is historically significant because:
- A. It ended the Vietnam War
- B. It identified how US media systematically underrepresented and stereotyped African Americans
- C. It banned racial discrimination in Hollywood
- D. It introduced the concept of framing
Réponse
B. It identified how US media systematically underrepresented and stereotyped African Americans — The Kerner Commission found that mainstream media portrayed Black Americans primarily as criminals or welfare recipients, contributing to social division.
Which of these best describes the concept of 'hegemony' as applied to media representations?
- A. The government's direct control of all media
- B. The process by which dominant groups naturalise their worldview as universal common sense
- C. A type of film genre
- D. The technical quality of a broadcast
Réponse
B. The process by which dominant groups naturalise their worldview as universal common sense — Hegemony (Gramsci) refers to how ruling groups maintain power partly through cultural representations that make their values seem natural and inevitable.
The sentence 'To some extent, this advertisement perpetuates gender norms' is analytically stronger than 'This advertisement is sexist' because:
- A. It is shorter
- B. It is vaguer
- C. It introduces nuance and acknowledges complexity rather than making an absolute judgement
- D. It avoids the topic
Réponse
C. It introduces nuance and acknowledges complexity rather than making an absolute judgement — Analytical writing in English requires nuance; 'to some extent' signals critical thinking and avoids overgeneralisation.
Which concept explains why a group might internalise negative representations imposed by dominant culture?
- A. Framing
- B. Intersectionality
- C. Internalised oppression
- D. Satire
Réponse
C. Internalised oppression — Internalised oppression occurs when marginalised groups absorb and accept the negative images that dominant society projects onto them.
Charles Dickens' novels are associated with literary Realism because:
- A. They described exotic fantasy worlds
- B. They depicted the harsh social realities of 19th-century Britain without idealisation
- C. They promoted the British Empire's values
- D. They focused exclusively on aristocratic life
Réponse
B. They depicted the harsh social realities of 19th-century Britain without idealisation — Dickens documented working-class poverty, child labour and social injustice, making him a key figure of social Realism.
What is 'intersectionality' in the context of representations?
- A. A road crossing
- B. The analysis of how multiple identities (race, gender, class) overlap to create specific experiences of discrimination
- C. The study of how different media intersect
- D. A synonym for diversity
Réponse
B. The analysis of how multiple identities (race, gender, class) overlap to create specific experiences of discrimination — Coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw, intersectionality examines how overlapping social categories compound disadvantage and shape representations.
Which film technique most directly shapes audience representations of a character?
- A. Editing pace
- B. Point-of-view shot (POV)
- C. Soundtrack genre
- D. Film length
Réponse
B. Point-of-view shot (POV) — A POV shot places the audience in the character's perspective, shaping empathy and identification — a powerful tool of representation.
In the context of postcolonial studies, what does 'subaltern' refer to?
- A. A military rank
- B. A person or group whose voice is systematically silenced or marginalised in colonial discourse
- C. A type of literary genre
- D. A synonym for 'immigrant'
Réponse
B. A person or group whose voice is systematically silenced or marginalised in colonial discourse — Coined by Gayatri Spivak ('Can the Subaltern Speak?'), the subaltern refers to colonised subjects who cannot represent themselves within dominant power structures.
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