Argumenter à l'écrit : essay et article

Exercice 1 — Connecteurs logiques et cohérence du discours
Corrigé :
(1) However — marque l'opposition entre la gravité du problème et l'inaction des gouvernements.
(2) Furthermore — ajoute une information positive supplémentaire.
(3) Therefore — exprime la conséquence logique de l'argument précédent.
(4) Admittedly — introduit la concession (on reconnaît un contre-argument).
(5) However — réfute la concession précédente et renforce la position de l'auteur.

Justifications attendues : (1) opposition entre gravité et inaction ; (3) conséquence/conclusion logique ; (5) réfutation de la concession.

Exercice 2 — Rédiger un paragraphe argumentatif structuré (P.E.E.)
Corrigé (exemple de réponse) :
Topic sentence : One of the most transformative effects of the internet has been its capacity to democratise access to quality education across the globe.
Evidence : For instance, platforms such as Khan Academy and Coursera now offer free or low-cost courses to millions of learners in developing countries. According to UNESCO, internet connectivity in schools increased from 35% to over 65% in Sub-Saharan Africa between 2015 and 2022.
Explanation : This suggests that, provided adequate infrastructure is in place, digital tools can bridge the educational gap between wealthy and disadvantaged communities.
Transition : However, access alone does not guarantee quality learning, as the effectiveness of online education depends heavily on teacher training and digital literacy.

Critères : topic sentence claire (1pt), exemple pertinent et précis (1.5pt), analyse du lien exemple-argument (1.5pt), transition (1pt).

Exercice 3 — Identifier et analyser des procédés argumentatifs
Corrigé :
(a) La première phrase est une question rhétorique. Elle interpelle le lecteur sans attendre de réponse, créant un sentiment d'urgence et d'implication. (1pt)

(b) 'Admittedly' : introduit une concession — l'auteur reconnaît qu'un progrès a été réalisé. 'Nevertheless' : réfute la concession et renforce la position de l'auteur (insuffisance des mesures). (1.5pt)

(c) Oui : 'Admittedly, some progress has been made…' — c'est la concession-réfutation : l'auteur reconnaît un contre-argument pour mieux montrer qu'il est insuffisant, rendant l'argumentation plus crédible et nuancée. (1.5pt)

Exercice 4 — Reformuler en registre soutenu
Corrigé (propositions de reformulation) :
1. A significant proportion of the population believes that social media has a detrimental impact on children's wellbeing.
2. Climate change must not be overlooked, as it represents one of the most formidable challenges facing humanity today.
3. While technology undoubtedly offers considerable advantages, it may also pose significant risks if left unregulated.
4. Governments are urged to take decisive action to address the persistent and widening problem of social inequality.
5. It is widely acknowledged that substantial improvements to educational systems are urgently needed.

Critères : registre soutenu (pas de contractions, vocabulaire précis, structures impersonnelles ou hedging), sens préservé. 0.5pt par phrase (arrondi sur 3pts).

Exercice 5 — Rédiger une introduction et une conclusion d'essay
Corrigé (exemple de réponse) :
Introduction : In 2023, global trade reached a record $32 trillion, illustrating the unprecedented scale of interconnection that defines our era. Globalisation — the process by which economies, cultures and populations are increasingly integrated across borders — has reshaped the world profoundly over the past half-century. While proponents celebrate its role in lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty, critics contend that it has exacerbated inequality both within and between nations. This essay will argue that, although globalisation has generated substantial economic benefits, its gains have been unevenly distributed, necessitating a fundamental rethinking of international trade and taxation policies.

Conclusion : In conclusion, globalisation is neither inherently good nor inherently bad: its impact depends entirely on the policies that govern it. While it has created unprecedented wealth and cultural exchange, its failure to ensure equitable distribution of benefits remains its most glaring shortcoming. The question is no longer whether to engage with globalisation, but how to reshape it in a manner that serves all of humanity, not merely the privileged few.

Critères : hook pertinent (0.5pt), contexte clair (0.5pt), thesis nuancé (1pt), conclusion sans nouvel argument (0.5pt), reformulation élégante (0.5pt), phrase d'ouverture (1pt).