Les verbes à particule (phrasal verbs)

• Phrasal verb = verbe + particule (up, down, on, off, out, away, back, after, for…).
• Se traduit comme un seul mot : give up = abandonner, set off = partir.
• Sens littéral (sit down) ou idiomatique (come across = tomber sur) : le contexte décide.
• Équivalent formel fréquent : find out = discover, call off = cancel, carry on = continue.

• Séparable : nom entre ou après (fill in the form / fill the form in) ; pronom obligatoirement entre : fill it in.
• Séparables : pick up, drop off, throw away, put off, call off, sort out, turn down, look up, give back, try on, turn on / off.
• Non séparable : complément après : look after them, look for it ; aussi come across, run into, get over, deal with.
• Sans complément : get up, set off, show up, break down, hang out, grow up.
• Deux particules : run out of, get on with, look forward to (+ V-ing).

• up : vers le haut, complètement (eat up, grow up) ; down : vers le bas, arrêt (calm down, break down, write down).
• on : continuation (carry on, turn on) ; off : séparation, départ (set off, take off, call off).
• out : disparition (find out, run out of) ; away : éloignement (throw away) ; back : retour (give back, call back).
• Contraires : turn on / off, put on / take off, pick up / drop off, check in / out.

look after s'occuper de · look up chercher (un mot) · look forward to avoir hâte de · put off reporter · call off annuler · carry on continuer · set off partir · show up se pointer · hang out traîner · run out of ne plus avoir de · come across tomber sur · get over se remettre de · get on with s'entendre avec · bring up élever · break down tomber en panne.

• Seul le verbe se conjugue : she picks up, it broke down, he has given up.
• Turn off it → Turn it off ; Look them for → Look for them.
• look forward to see → look forward to seeing.
• run out milk → run out of milk ; breaked down → broke down.
• take off = enlever OU décoller ; turn down = baisser OU refuser.